Abstract
This article examines how ‘Abdu’l-Bahá promoted the arts during His ministry, through His encouragement and support of a prominent artist in the early Bahá’í community. Mishkín-Qalam was the first and most celebrated Bahá’í visual artist from the East. Best known for his calligraphic design of the Greatest Name, his life exemplified the “twofold moral purpose”: through his art, he was able to develop his own inherent spiritual potential as well as make lasting contributions to society. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá employed his artistic
skill in service to some of the most important achievements of His ministry: the interment of the remains of the Báb, the construction of the first Bahá’í House of Worship, and the transcription of Bahá’í literature. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s encouragement might serve as an emerging model for individuals, communities, and institutions of how to engage with artists and the arts, while Mishkín-Qalam’s response stands as an example to artists of how the pursuit of spiritual virtue and excellence in one’s craft can intertwine.
References
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Additional Tablets, Extracts and Talks. Bahá’í Reference Library, www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/additional-tablets-extracts-talks/296513294/1#832051491. Accessed 23 May 2021.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Light of the World: Selected Tablets of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Bahá’í World Centre, 2021.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Memorials of the Faithful. Marzieh Gail, trans. Bahá’í Reference Library, www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/memorials-faithful/. Accessed 23 May 2021.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Paris Talks. 12th ed. UK Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1995.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. The Promulgation of Universal Peace. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1982.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Bahá’í World Centre, 1982.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. The Secret of Divine Civilization. Marzieh Gail, trans., US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1990.
Afnán, Abu’l-Qásim. ‘Ahd-i A‘lá Zindigání-i Hadrat-i Báb (The Bábí Dispensation: The Life of the Báb). Oneworld, 2000.
Afroukhteh, Younes. Memories of Nine Years in Akká. George Ronald, 2003.
Aidun, Gol. “Mishkin-Qalam (“musk-scented pen”) His Calligraphy and Humour.” Paper presented at the Association for Bahá’í Studies 6th Annual Conference, 1981. imagesinternational.org/audio/mishkin-qalam-muskscented-pen. Accessed 23 May 2021.
The Bahá’í World, multiple volumes. Bahá’í World Centre. bahaiworld.bahai.org/
Bahá’u’lláh. “Baha’u’llah’s letter to Queen Victoria.” British Library, www.bl.uk/collection-items/bahaullahs-letter-to-queen-victoria. Accessed 23 May 2021.
Bahá’u’lláh. Epistle to the Son of Wolf. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1988.
Bahá’u’lláh. Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh. UK Bahá’í Publishing Trust, rev. ed. 1978.
Bahá’u’lláh. Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Bahá’í World Centre, 1994.
Bahá’u’lláh. Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Bahá’í World Centre, 1978.
Ballanger, Yann. Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney: Premier Bahá’í Français. Editions Baha’ies France, 2021.
Balyuzi, Hasan. M. Bahá’u’lláh The King of Glory. George Ronald, 1980.
Balyuzi, Hasan. M. Eminent Bahá’ís in the time of Bahá’u’lláh. George Ronald, 1985.
Blomfield, Lady Sarah. The Chosen Highway. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1940.
Buck, Christopher. “The Kitab-i-Iqan: An Introduction to Baha’u’llah’s Book of Certitude with Two Digital Reprints of Early Lithographs.” Crimson Academy, canvas.instructure.com/courses/1361177/assignments/9160027. Accessed 23 May 2021.
Burckhardt, Titus. Art of Islam Language and Meaning. Commemorative Edition. World Wisdom, 2009.
Butt, Abbasali. “An Account of the Services of Siyyid Mustafa Rumi.” A Compendium of Volumes of The Bahá’í World I-XII 1925-1954 (orig. vol. X, p.517). George Ronald, 1981.
Carter, Joe and Nooshfar Afnan. The Bahá’í House of Worship: Design, Construction and Community. George Ronald, 2022.
Compilation of Compilations, “Extracts from the Writings concerning Arts and Crafts.” vol. I, Bahá’í Publications Australia, 1991.
Compilation of Extracts from the Bahá’í Writings on Music. Prepared by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice, March 1972 revised June 1996. www.bahai.org/r/065935540.
Christie’s. The Collection of the Late Dr. Mohammed Said Farsi. An Album of Calligraphy and Paintings: Iran and India, 16th Century and Later. www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6255680. Accessed 23 May 2021.
Day, Michael V. Journey to a Mountain: The Story of the Shrine of the Báb. Vol. I: 1850-1921. George Ronald, 2017.
de Souza, Elizabeth. Personal correspondence with the author, 16 Mar. 2022.
de Souza, Elizabeth. “Views from a Black Artist in the Century of Light.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 30, no. 3, 2020, pp. 37–50. doi: 10.31581/jbs-30.3.315(2020)
Dreyfus, Hippolyte. “Une institution béhaïe, Le Machreqou’l-Azkár D’Achqábád.” The Bahá’í World, vol. VIII, p. 528.
Encyclopaedia of Islam. referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/dhikr-SIM_1891. Accessed 23 May 2021.
Faizi, Abu’l-Qásim. Explanation of the Symbol of the Greatest Name. Bahá’í Publishing Trust India, n.d.
Filson, Gerald. “Mind, ‘The Power of the Human Spirit.’” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 32, no. 3-4, 2022, pp. 9–53. doi: 10.31581/jbs-32.3-4.337(2022)
Ghaemmaghami, Omid. Personal correspondence with the author, 26 May 2021.
Giachery, Ugo. Shoghi Eff endi: Recollections. George Ronald, 1973.
Grabar, Oleg. “Art and Culture in the Islamic World”, Islam Art and Architecture. Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter eds. Könemann, 2000.
Haydar-‘Alí, Hájí Mírzá. Stories from the Delight of Hearts. Translated and abridged by A. Q. Faizi, Kalimat, 1980.
Hogenson, Kathryn Jewett. Lighting the Western Sky: The Hearst Pilgrimage and the Establishment of the Bahá’í Faith in the West. George Ronald, 2012.
Ishráq-Khávarí, ‘Abdu’l-Ḥamíd. Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn ([Ṭihrán]: Mu’assisiy-i-Millíy-i-Maṭbú‘át-i-Amrí, 123 B.E. [1966/7]), pp. 62–64.
Hattstein, Markus and Peter Delius, eds. Islam Art and Architecture. Könemann, 2000.
Hornby, Helen Bassett, comp. Lights of Guidance: A Bahá’í Reference File. 3rd ed. Bahá’í Publishing Trust India, 1994.
Khan, Ali Kuli. “Ideals of Persian Art.” Star of the West, vol. 22, no. 3, 1931. pp. 87–88.
Kvernen, Elisabeth. Calligraphy Qalam: An Introduction to Arabic, Ottoman and Persian Calligraphy. University of Baltimore MFA thesis project, 2009. calligraphyqalam.com/. Accessed 23 May 2021.
Lambden, Stephen. “The Word Bahá’: The Quintessence of the Greatest Name of God.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, 1988, pp. 13–45.
MacQueen, Kim. “Refl ections on the Sacred Arts: A Qualitative Inquiry with Bahá’í Artists” Dissertation, California Institute of Integral Studies, 2019.
McWilliams, Mary and Roxburgh, David J. “Introduction: Traces of the Calligrapher”, Asia Society, 2008, sites.asiasociety.org/islamiccalligraphy/introduction-traces-of-the-calligrapher/.
Meshgin, Mehrdad. “Mishkin-Qalam.” Herald of the South, vol. 3, April 1985, pp. 2–11.
Mihan, Shiva. “Fingernail Art (I): Three-Dimensional.” The Digital Orientalist, digitalorientalist.com/2020/12/11/fi ngernail-art-three-dimensional-calligraphy-and-drawing-in-19th-century/. Accessed 23 May 2021.
Momen, Moojan. “The Bahá’í community of Ashkhabad: Its Social Basis and Importance in Bahá’í History.” Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia. Shirin Akiner, ed. Kegan Paul, 1991, pp. 278–305.
Momen, Moojan. The Bábí and Bahá’í Religions, 1844-1944 Some Contemporary Western Accounts. George Ronald, 1981.
Mooghen, Amanullah. “Áthár va ahváli-ib’adí az Khushnevísán-i-Bahá’í” in Khúshih-há’í az Kharman-i-Adab va Honar, vol. 1, 1990, pp. 139–48.
Motamed, Saeed. [“A look at the art of calligraphy in the Bahá’í Faith and the writings of Mishkin-Qalam.”] Khúsh-i-há’í az Kharman-i-Adab va Honar, vol. 4, 1992, pp. 116–40.
Nakhjávaní, Bahíyyih. Four on an Island. George Ronald, 1983.
Nakhjávaní, Bahíyyih. “Artist, Seeker and Seer: A Vocabulary and a Perspective for the Appreciation and Creation of Art Inspired by the Bahá’í Writings.” Bahá’í Studies vol, 10, Association for Bahá’í Studies North America, 1982.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Islamic Art and Spirituality. State U of New York P, 1987.
Oeming Badiee, Julie and Heshmatollah Badiee. “The Calligraphy of Mishkín-Qalam.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 3, no. 4, 1991, pp. 1–22. doi: 10.31581/jbs-3.4.430(1991)
Oeming Badiee, Julie. “Some Images of A ‘New Creation’ in Twentieth-Century Art.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, 1995, pp. 1–21. doi: 10.31581/jbs-7.1.441(1995)
Persian Letters and Arts Society. “Preface” in Mishkin Qalam, XIX Century Artist and Calligrapher, 1826-1912, Landegg Academy, 1992.
Rafati, Vahid. “Mishkin Qalam” in Mishkin Qalam, XIX Century Artist and Calligrapher, 1826-1912, Persian Letters and Arts Society, Landegg Academy, 1992.
Research Department of the Universal House of Justice. The Importance of the Arts in Promoting the Faith. Bahá’í World Centre, 1998.
Rogers, Donald Otto. “The Use of the Arts in the Bahá’í Community.” Paper presented at the Bahá’í Conference on Social and Economic Development for the Americas, Milton, Ontario, Nov. 1999.
Sahba, Fariborz. “Art and Architecture: A Bahá’í Perspective.” Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, 1997, pp. 53–82. doi: 10.31581/jbs-7.3.4(1997)
Salmání, Ustád Muhammad-‘Alí. My Memories of Bahá’u’lláh. Trans. Marzieh Gail. Kalimat Press, 1982.
Schimmel, Anne-Marie. “Note on Mishkin Qalam.” In Mishkin Qalam, XIX Century Artist and Calligrapher, 1826-1912, Landegg Academy, 1992.
Shoghi Effendi. God Passes By. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1995.
Stermotich-Cappellari, Francesco. “The Calligraphic Art of Mishkin Qalam.” In Persian Art: Image-Making in Eurasia, edited by Yuka Kadoi, Edinburgh UP, 2018, pp. 133–56.
Taherzadeh, Adib. The Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh. George Ronald, 1988.
Tuman, Ludwig. “The Spiritual Role of Art.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, 1992, pp. 59–84. doi: 10.31581/jbs-4.4.4(1992)
Universal House of Justice. The Institution of the Mashriqu’l-Adhkár. Bahá’í World Centre, 2017.
Universal House of Justice. Letter to the Conference of the Continental Boards of Counsellors, 30 December 2021.
Universal House of Justice. Letter to the Bahá’ís of the World, 1 Aug 2014.
Universal House of Justice. To the Bahá’ís of the World, Riḍván 2012.
Universal House of Justice. To the Bahá’ís of the World, Riḍván 2010.
Vejdani, Farzin. “Transnational Baha’i Print Culture: Community Formation and Religious Authority, 1890-1921.” Journal of Religious History, vol. 36, no. 4, 2012, pp. 499–515. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9809.2012.01227.x
Yúsofí, Golám-Ḥosayn. “Calligraphy.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. IV/ 7, December 15, 1990, www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy. Accessed 19 Feb 2021.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. If you wish to adapt, remix, transform, or build upon this work in any way, you may not distribute your work without first contacting the Editor for permission.
Copyright © 2023 Nooshfar Afnan