Cómo citar
Resumen
Los escritos Bahá’ís prescriben la consulta en “todos los asuntos” y especifi can no solamente la forma amplia del proceso consultivo, sino las actitudes como condiciones
previas para aquellos que buscan consultar. Pero, que hay que hacer cuando estas condiciones están ausentes-cuando, por ejemplo, la gente no parece estar en capacidad o tener deseo de ni siquiera entenderse uno al otro? Un reto similar se presenta en discursos públicos, muchos de
los cuales parecen fundamentalmente no funcionales. En este artículo, examinamos la actual investigación para identificar los elementos de un proceso que puede facilitar
el entendimiento entre los que buscan dialogar. El resultante “Diálogo Transformativo” que busca primariamente transformar las relaciones, puede potencialmente poner las bases para una verdadera consulta. Urgimos que el Diálogo Transformativo
es un modo distinto de diálogo que abarca una serie de reconocibles preceptos y procesos y por ende puede ser estudiado, sistemáticamente desarrollado dentro de
las comunidades locales, y aplicado a los problemas específicos dentro de las mismas comunidades.
Citas
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. 4th ed., Bahá’í Publishing, 2014.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Some Answered Questions. Bahá’í Reference Library. bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions/. Accessed 13 June 2024.
Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1954.
“America’s Divided Mind: Understanding the Psychology That Drives Us Apart.” BeyondConflict, beyondconflictint.org/americas-divided-mind/. Accessed 13 June 2024.
Balyuzi, Hasan M. ‘Abduʼl-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Baháʼuʼlláh. George Ronald, 1971.
Bohm, David. On Dialogue. Routledge, 2014.
Brown, Dwane. “How One Man Convinced 200 Ku Klux Klan Members to Give up Their Robes.” NPR, 20 Aug. 2017, npr.org/2017/08/20/544861933/how-one-man-convinced-200-ku-klux-klan-members-to-give-up-their-robes.
Chen, Frances S. et al. “Tell Me More: The Effects of Expressed Interest on Receptiveness During Dialog.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 46, no. 5, 2010, pp. 850–53, doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.012.
Code, Lorraine. “Taking Subjectivity into Account.” In Feminist Epistemologies, Linda Alcoff and Elizabeth Potter eds., Routledge, 1993, pp. 14-47.
“A Conversation With a Former White Nationalist,” The Daily from The New York Times, 22 August 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/08/22/podcasts/the-daily/former-white-nationalist-derek-black.html.
Dalmiya, Vrinda. “Knowing People.” Knowledge, Truth, and Duty: Essays on Epistemic Justification, Responsibility, and Virtue, edited by Matthias Steup, Oxford UP, 2001, pp. 221–34.
“Derek Black and Matthew Stevenson: Befriending Radical Disagreement.” On Being with Krista Tippett, 3 Oct. 2019. onbeing.org/programs/derek-black-and-matthew-stevenson-befriending-radical-disagreement/
The Difficult Conversations Lab. “The Difficult Conversations Lab.” Columbia Climate School: Climate, Earth, and Society. people.climate.columbia.edu/projects/view/1912. Accessed 15 Jul., 2023.
Diethelm, Pascal and Martin McKee. “Denialism: What Is It and How Should Scientists Respond?” European Journal of Public Health, vol. 19, no. 1, 2009, pp. 2–4, doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckn139.
Eschler, Elizabeth. “Megan Phelps-Roper’s Journey to Helping Others.” Content Cucumber, 22 Apr. 2020. contentcucumber.com/blog/megan-phelps-ropers-journey-from-westboro-baptist-to-helping-others/.
Festinger, Leon. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Row, 1957.
Friberg, Stephen R. “Revelation as Scientific in its Method: Science, Diversity, Consultation, and Learning in Action.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 13–44. doi: 10.31581/jbs-33.3.533(2023).
Gergen, Kenneth J. et al. “Toward Transformative Dialogue.” International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 24, 2001, pp. 697–707, researchgate.net/publication/247530721_Toward_Transformative_Dialogue.
Gottschall, Jonathan. The Storytelling Animal: How Stories Make Us Human. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Kindle Edition, 2012.
Guzmán, Mónica. I Never Thought of It That Way: How to Have Fearlessly Curious Conversations in Dangerously Divided Times. BenBella Books, Inc., 2022.
Hewstone, Miles and Hermann Swart. “Fifty-Odd Years of Inter-Group Contact: From Hypothesis to Integrated Theory.” British Journal of Social Psycholgy, vol. 50, 2011, pp. 374–86.
Hiebert, Darren. “Fireside: A Working Definition.” darrenhiebert.com/documents/commentaries/Fireside.html. Accessed 14 Jul. 2023.
Isaacs, William N. “Taking Flight: Dialogue, Collective Thinking, and Organizational Learning.” Organizational Dynamics, vol. 22, no. 2, 1993, pp. 24–39, doi: 10.1016/0090-2616(93)90051-2.
Isaacs, William N. “The Process and Potential of Dialogue in Social Change.” Educational Technology, vol. 36, no. 1, 1996, pp. 20–30, jstor.org/stable/44428974.
Ives, Howard Colby. Portals to Freedom. Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1967.
Karlberg, Michael R. Beyond the Culture of Contest: From Adversarialism to Mutualism in an Age of Interdependence. George Ronald, 2004.
Karlberg, Michael R. “Reframing Public Discourses for Peace and Justice.” Forming a Culture of Peace: Reframing Narratives of Intergroup Relations, Equity, and Justice, edited by Karina V. Korostelina, 1st ed., Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 15-42.
Karlberg, Michael R. and Todd Smith. “Articulating a Consultative Epistemology: Toward a Reconciliation of Truth and Relativism.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 19, no. 1-4, 2009, pp. 59–99. doi: 10.31581/jbs-19.1-4.3(2009).
Kazemipour, Whitney White. “Even as the Waves of One Sea: Bahá’í Consultation’s Implicit Cultural Support for the Clash of Differing Opinions.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, 2023, pp. 87–159. doi: 10.31581/jbs-33.3.535(2023).
Keller, Evelyn Fox and Elisabeth A. Lloyd. Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Harvard UP, 1992.
Kruger, Justin and David Dunning. “Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 77, no. 6, 1999, pp. 1121–34, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121.
Kurdi, Benedek and Banaji, Mahzarin R. “Implicit Social Cognition”, in The Cognitive Unconscious. Reber, Arthur S. and Allen, Rhianon, eds., Oxford University Press. 2022, DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197501573.003.0017
Lample, Paul. Revelation and Social Reality: Learning to Translate What Is Written into Reality. Palabra Publications, 2009.
Living Room Conversations. “Living Room Conversations.” livingroomconversations.org. Accessed 24 Jun. 2023.
Longino, Helen E. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton UP, 1990.
Marti, Louis et al. “Certainty Is Primarily Determined by Past Performance During Concept Learning.” Open Mind: Discoveries in Cognitive Science, vol. 2, no. 2, 2017, pp. 47–60, doi: 10.1162/opmi_a_00017.
McIntyre, Lee C. How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations with Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason. MIT Press, 2021.
McRaney, David. How Minds Change: The Surprising Science of Belief, Opinion, and Persuasion. Portfolio/Penguin, 2022.
Minson, Julia A. et al. “Why Won’t You Listen to Me? Measuring Receptiveness to Opposing Views.” HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP18-028, September 2018. hks.harvard.edu/publications/why-wont-you-listen-me-measuring-receptiveness-opposing-views.
Moore-Berg, Samantha L. et al. “Exaggerated Meta-Perceptions Predict Intergroup Hostility between American Political Partisans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 26, 2020, pp. 14864-14872. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2001263117.
Nakade, Ryan. “Transformative Dialogue: 10 Techniques to ‘Change Someone’s Mind’ (Part 1).” Medium, 23 Dec. 2020. greenteaji108.medium.com/transformative-dialogue-10-techniques-to-change-someones-mind-part-1-2e2725c5f6d1.
Oreskes, Naomi and Erik M. Conway. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. 1st U.S. ed., Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
Pappas, Stephanie. “Why False Beliefs Are Hard to Shake.” LiveScience, 12 Sept. 2018, livescience.com/63554-why-false-beliefs-stick.html.
Peels, Rik. Responsible Belief: A Theory in Ethics and Epistemology. Oxford UP, 2017.
Perry, Sylvia P. et al. “Modern Prejudice: Subtle, but Unconscious? The Role of Bias Awareness in Whites’ Perceptions of Personal and Others’ Biases.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 61, 2015, pp. 64–78.
Powell, John A. “Us Vs Them: The Sinister Techniques of ‘Othering’– and How to Avoid Them.” The Guardian, 8 Nov. 2017, theguardian.com/inequality/2017/nov/08/us-vs-them-the-sinister-techniques-of-othering-and-how-to-avoid-them.
Powell, John A. and Stephen Menendian, “The Problem of Othering: Towards Inclusiveness and Belonging.” Othering and Belonging: Expanding the Circle of Human Concern, 2018. http://www.otheringandbelonging.org/the-problem-of-othering/.
Pronin, Emily. “The Introspection Illusion,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by Mark P Zanna, vol. 41, Elsevier, 2009, pp. 1–67.
Pylkkänen, Paavo. Mind, Matter, and the Implicate Order. Springer, 2007.
Research Department of the Universal House of Justice. Social Justice. Bahá’í Reference Library. www.bahai.org/r/974297387. Accessed 13 Jun. 2024.
Resnick, Brian. “Intellectual Humility: The Importance of Knowing You Might Be Wrong: Why It’s So Hard to See Our Own Ignorance, and What to Do About It.” Vox, 4 Jan. 2019, vox.com/science-and-health/2019/1/4/17989224/intellectual-humility-explained-psychology-replication.
Ridder, J. de et al. Scientism: Prospects and Problems. Oxford UP, 2018.
Ripley, Amanda. “Complicating the Narratives: What If Journalists Covered Controversial Issues Differently – Based on How Humans Actually Behave When They Are Polarized and Suspicious?” Medium, 27 Jun. 2018, https://thewholestory.solutionsjournalism.org/complicating-the-narratives-b91ea06ddf63.
Rogers, Carl R. “The Foundations of the Person-Centred Approach”, Copyright 1979, Carl R. Rogers
Romney, Patricia. “The Art of Dialogue,” in Civic Dialogue, Arts & Culture: Findings from Animating Democracy, P. Korza et al. eds., Americans for the Arts Press, 2005, pp. 57–79.
Saslow, Eli. Rising out of Hatred: The Awakening of a Former White Nationalist. Kindle ed., Doubleday, 2018.
Scharmer, Claus O. The Essentials of Theory U: Core Principles and Applications. 1st ed., Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2018.
Schmid, Philipp and Cornelia Betsch. “Effective Strategies for Rebutting Science Denialism in Public Discussions.” Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 3, 2019, pp. 931–39, doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0632-4.
Scott, Sophie. “Neural Imaging Reveals Secret Conversational Cues.” Wired, 30 Jan. 2023, wired.com/story/neuroscience-imaging-conversation/.
Effendi, Shoghi. The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh. Bahá’í Reference Library. bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/world-order-bahaullah/.
Smith, Todd. “Becoming Attuned to Reality: Presuppositions and the Power of Learning in Action.” The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, 2023, pp. 45–85. doi: 10.31581/jbs-33.3.519(2023).
Storr, Will. The Unpersuadables: Adventures with the Enemies of Science. 1st ed., The Overlook Press, 2014.
Teaching, the Greatest Gift of God: Extracts from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi Compiled by the Universal House of Justice. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Australia, 1977.
Turner, Rhiannon N. and Richard J. Crisp. “Imagining Intergroup Contact Reduces Implicit Prejudice.” British Journal of Social Psycholgy, vol. 49, 2010, pp. 129–42, doi: 10.1348/014466609X419901.
The Universal House of Justice. Letter to the Bahá’ís of the World. 18 Jan. 2019. Bahá’í Reference Library. bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#20190118_001.
The Universal House of Justice. Letter to the Conference of the Continental Boards of Counsellors. 30 Dec. 2021. Bahá’í Reference Library. bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#20211230_001.
Weger Jr., Harry et al. “Active Listening in Peer Interviews: The Influence of Message Paraphrasing on Perceptions of Listening Skill.” The International Journal of Listening, vol. 24, no. 1, 2010, pp. 34–49, doi: 10.1080/10904010903466311.
Yeomans, Michael et al. “Conversational Receptiveness: Improving Engagement with Opposing Views.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 160, 2020, pp. 131–48, doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.011.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2024 Roger Neyman, Charlotte Wenninger
