The Quantum State Function, Platonic Forms, and the Ethereal Substance
The Weight of Light - artwork by Sky Glabush
Original PDF

How to Cite

Ranjbar, V. “The Quantum State Function, Platonic Forms, and the Ethereal Substance: Reflections on the Potential of Philosophy to Contribute to the Harmony of Science and Religion”. The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 32, no. 1-2, Jan. 2023, pp. 7-40, doi:10.31581/jbs-32.1-2.501(2022).

Abstract

Werner Heisenberg, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, argued that the quantum state function for elementary particles should be understood as belonging to the realm of Plato’s idealized Forms. In this paper, I suggest that this connection between two concepts of fundamental importance in our understanding of reality, from science and philosophy respectively, can be plausibly further correlated to concepts from the knowledge system of religion, as described in the Bahá’í Writings. I argue here that ethereal substance (maddiy-i-athiriyyih) as described by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and alluded to by Bahá’u’lláh also belongs to Plato’s idealized realm. Further, the description of ethereal substance in the Bahá’í Writings resonates with the modern understanding of a quantum field, which itself is derived from the concept of a quantum state function. The paper also considers the implications of apparent parallels drawn in the Bahá’í Writings between the ethereal substance and the human spirit, and concludes with refl ections on the possible relationship between consciousness and quantum mechanics.

https://doi.org/10.31581/jbs-32.1-2.501(2022)
Original PDF

References

‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Má’idiy-i-Ásmaní. Provisional translation in Keven Brown, “A Bahá’í Perspective on the Origin of Matter.”

‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Lawḥ-i-Aflákiyyih (Tablet of the Universe). In Makátib-i ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Volume 1, pages 13–32 (1997). Provisional English translation by Anonymous, Bahá’í Library Online, bahai-library.com/abdul-baha_lawh_aflakiyyih.

‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Foundations of World Unity. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1978.

‘Abdu’l-Bahá. The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912. Compiled by Howard MacNutt. 2d ed. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1982.

‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Some Answered Questions. Bahá’í Reference Library. www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions/.

‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Bahá’í World Centre, 1982.

Atmanspacher, Harald. “Quantum Approaches to Consciousness,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qt-consciousness.

Bahá’u’lláh. Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh. Trans. Shoghi Effendi. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1994.

Bahá’u’lláh. The Kitáb-i-Íqán. Bahá’í Reference Library. www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/kitab-i-iqan/.

Bahá’u’lláh. Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1988.

Ball, Philip. “The Strange Link between the Human Mind and Quantum Physics.” BBC www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170215-the-strange-link-between-the-human-mind-and-quantum-physics.

Bell, John S. “On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox.” Physics vol. 1, no. 3, 1964, pp. 195–200. doi:10.1103/PhysicsPhysiqueFizika.1.195.

Born, Max. “Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.” in Science vol. 122, no. 3172, 1955, pp. 675–79. doi:10.1126/science.122.3172.675.

Bostrom, Nick. “Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?” Philosophical Quarterly. 53 (211): 243–255. doi:10.1111/1467-9213.00309.

Brown, Keven. “‘Abdu’l-Bahá’ s Response to the Doctrine of the Unity of Existence.” Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 11, no. 3-4, 2001, pp. 1–29. doi:10.31581/jbs-11.3-4.469(2001).

Brown, Keven. “A Bahá’í Perspective on the Origin of Matter.” Journal of Bahá’í Studies vol. 2 no. 3, 1990, pp. 15–44. doi:10.31581/jbs-2.3.423(1990).

Craig, William Lane. “God and Abstract Objects.” In The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity, J. B. Stump and Alan G. Padgett, eds. Wiley Blackwell, 2012. 441–452.

Dávúdí, ‘Alí Murád. Human Station in the Bahá’í Faith Selected Sections: Philosophy and Knowledge of the Divine, translated by Riaz Masrour. compiled by Vahid Ra’fatí. Juxta Publishing Co., 2013.

Dirac, Paul A.M. Principles of Quantum Mechanics. International Series of Monographs on Physics (4th ed.). Oxford UP, 1982.

Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolski, and Nathan Rosen. “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” Physical Review vol. 47 no. 10, 1935, pp. 777–80. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777.

Everett, Hugh. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Dissertation. Princeton University, 1956.

Feynman, Richard Phillips. Quantum Electrodynamics (New ed.). Westview Press, 1998.

Goldstein, Sheldon. “Bohmian Mechanics.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/qm-bohm.

Griffiths, David J. “Electrodynamics and Relativity.” in Introduction to Electrodynamics. Prentice Hall Inc., 1999.

Harding, E. M. “Origenist Crises” in The Westminster Handbook to Origen, edited by John Anthony McGuckin. Westminster John Knox Press, 2004. 162–167.

Heisenberg, Werner. Physics and Beyond Encounters and Conversations. Harper & Row, 1971.

Hensen, Bas et al. “Loophole-free Bell Inequality Violation Using Electron Spins Separated by 1.3 Kilometres.” Nature no. 526, pp. 682–686. doi:10.1038/nature15759

Horgan, John. “David Bohm, Quantum Mechanics and Enlightenment.” Scientific American, 23 July 2018, blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/david-bohm-quantum-mechanics-and-enlightenment/.

Krauss, Lawrence. A Universe from Nothing: Why There Is Something Rather than Nothing. Free Press, 2012.

Ladyman, James. “Structural Realism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/structural-realism/.

Leibfried, Dietrich et al. “Creation of a Six-Atom ‘Schrödinger Cat’ State.” Nature, vol. 438, n. 7068, 2005, pp. 639–642. doi: 10.1038/nature04251

Letzter, Rafi. “Giant Molecules Exist in Two Places at Once in Unprecedented Quantum Experiment.” Scientific American. 8 Oct. 2019. www.scientificamerican.com/article/giant-molecules-exist-in-two-places-at-once-in-unprecedented-quantum-experiment/.

Maroney, Owen. “Information Processing and Thermodynamic Entropy.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-entropy/.

Maxwell, James C. The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell. Volume II. W.D. Niven Ed. Cambridge UP, 1890.

Ma, Shang-keng. “Introduction to the Renormalization Group” Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 45, no. 4, 1973, p. 589. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.45.589.

Matthews, Gary. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Einstein and Ether. Self-published, 2014.

Meisami, Sayeh. “Mulla Sadra.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu/sadra/#SH6b.

Mihrshahi, Robin. “Ether, Quantum Physics and the Bahá’í Writings.” Australian Bahá’í Studies, vol. 4, 2002, pp.3–20.

Parker, Charles B. Encyclopaedia of Physics, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hills, 1994.

Plato. Cratylus. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. The Internet Classics Archives, classics.mit.edu/Plato/cratylus.

Plato. Timaeus and Critias. Translated by Desmond Lee. Penguin Books, 1971.

Plato. The Republic. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. The Internet Classics Archives, classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html.

Plotinus. The Six Enneads. Translated by Stephen Mackenna and B. S. Page. Christian Classics Ethereal Library, n.d

Plutarch. Theseus. Translated by John Dryden. The Internet Classics Archives, classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/theseus.html.

Ratner, Mark A. and George C. Schatz. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry. Dover Publications, 2002.

Saiedi, Nader. Logos and Civilization: Spirit, History, and Order in the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh. Association for Bahá’í Studies and University Press of Maryland, 2000.

Stenger, Victor J., James A. Lindsay, Peter Boghossian. “Physicists Are Philosophers, Too.” Scientific American, 8 May 2015, www.scientificamerican.com/article/physicists-are-philosophers-too/.

Tegmark, Max. Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality. Random House, 2014.

von Neumann, John, and Nicholas A. Wheeler, editors. Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. New edition translated by Robert T. Beyer. Princeton UP, 2018.

Wigner, Eugene. P. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences.” Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, no. 1, 1960, pp. 1–14.

Wimmel, Hermann. Quantum Physics and Observed Reality: A Critical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. World Scientific, 1992.

Philo. “On the Confusion of Tongues,” in The Works of Philo Judaeus, translated by Charles Duke Yonge. H. G. Bohn, 1854-1890.

Zalta, Edward N. Abstract Objects: An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983.

Zarqání, Mírzá Mahmúd. Mahmúd’s Diary: The Diary of Mírzá Mahmúd-i-Zarqání Chronicling ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s Journey to America. Translated by Mohi Sobhani, with the assistance of Shirley Macias. George Ronald, 1997.

Zee, Anthony. “Gravity and Beyond,” in Zee, Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell.

Zee, Anthony. Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell. Princeton UP, 2003.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. If you wish to adapt, remix, transform, or build upon this work in any way, you may not distribute your work without first contacting the Editor for permission.

Copyright © 2023 Vahid Ranjbar